If you’ve heard of Frank Lloyd Wright, you may have heard of one of his most lasting endeavors: the Usonian house. Rather than referring to a specific structure, the Usonian house actually refers to a concept—better yet, a manifesto of housing and living— that he started crafting in the 1930s.

During the Great Depression, Wright saw the United States on the cusp of change: Middle-class households would lead simpler lives, but would still need good design, where elements like lighting, heating, and sanitation would be carefully addressed and landscape would serve as an inspiration. Amid an extended lack of commissions throughout that era, Wright developed his utopian vision for a new American landscape that embraced low-density suburbia and an architectural style called Usonian (derived from the term “Usonia,” which Wright used to refer to the United States instead of “America.”)

The early hallmark of Wright’s Usonian house concept was that the homes would be stylish, but simple and small, and built at a moderate cost that was within reach of the average middle-income American home buyer. With an eye to economic construction, Usonian homes—which in many ways evolved from the architect’s earlier Prairie style—were built with low rooflines, tall windows, built-in furnishings, in-floor radiant heating, and a sense of flow between rooms. Ornamentation was minimal; materials like brick, concrete, and wood were prominently featured and left unpainted to express their natural color and texture. Usonian homes were typically situated on sites away from major urban centers, set back from the road and nestled into their surrounding landscapes.

In plan, Usonian homes tended to be L-shaped and have open layouts, without the formal kitchen, living, and dining rooms of earlier American houses, showing Wright’s understanding of a cultural shift toward more informal gatherings. They were typically one-story structures with no attics or basements, and carports took the place of garages. The horizontal emphasis of Usonian homes would ultimately have a large influence on the popularity of ranch houses in the ’50s through the ’70s.

The first Usonian home designed and built by Wright was the 1936 Jacobs House in Madison, Wisconsin. Wright designed each of his Usonian homes for specific clients, working with the families and naming the homes after them. In the late ’40s, a couple bought a 100-acre wooded plot in Pleasantville, New York, and enlisted Wright to plan a community based on his architectural and urban planning ideals. He designed a few of the Usonian-style houses in what’s now the 47-home Usonia Historic District, and approved the other plans designed by a group of his former students and apprentices, among them David Henken and Aaron Resnick.

In the 1950s, Wright designed a series of prefabricated Usonian-style homes that he called Usonian Automatics, made using interlocking concrete blocks. He hoped they’d further help save home buyers money, but assembling the modular parts proved complicated. Although Wright passed away in 1959, his Usonian-style architecture is still scattered across the country—and occasionally, a rare one hits the market.

Related Reading:

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Frank Lloyd Wright’s Imperial Hotel Was a Trial by Fire, But It Sparked His Most Famous Homes

What You Need to Know About Frank Lloyd Wright’s Usonian Homes